Batch 4

Breath Walking with Gandhi

 

Today marks one year since I walked 100 miles for breathing and chronic disease. In that spirit, this week’s newsletter celebrates breathing and walking. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. An Update on "Walking 100 Miles: How Chronic Disease Makes Us Stronger"

Here is a re-share of the blog I wrote a few months after completing the walk:

Walking 100 Miles: A Story of How Chronic Disease Makes Us Stronger

Reading it now, I would change the "Healthy Paradox" section. At the time, I felt quite conflicted that I had become unhealthy on my mission to promote being healthy. In hindsight, that shouldn't have been the case.

Undoubtedly, I was the most unhealthy I had been in a long time. But, I was training for a very difficult challenge. Hard things don’t come easy. Without my daily breathing practice, who knows how much worse I would have been.

I had forgotten that sometimes health is what you don’t see [#2].

2. The Surprising Trick This Breathing Expert Uses To Stop A Panic Attack

"So when Bentley tells you to take in quick, shallow inhales, it's understandable you may raise a brow….'Doing it intentionally and in a relaxed manner and setting can actually help open up the lungs,' Bentley adds, 'so that when one does try to breathe in fully, it actually relieves that feeling.'"

- Jamie Schneider, mindbodygreen

Tanya Bentley, Ph.D is the CEO of HHPF, the non-profit organization the 100 mile walk was for. In this article, Tanya describes a rather counterintuitive approach to dealing with panic attacks: intentionally hyperventilate.

Whenever I read something that goes against everything I’ve ever learned, I immediately think, "well this just might work." : ) Enjoy the quick read.

3. Breath Walking

"Synchronizing your breathing with the rhythm of your steps in order to walk more while providing less effort…Both energizing and meditative, the Afghan Walk offers a new opportunity to approach walking with a sense of well-being."

- The Afghan walk, the benefits of a regenerating walk

Here’s a unique article about combining breathing and walking through what is known as the Afghan Walk. The goal is to reach around 6-8 breaths per minute, which we know is linked to better cardio-autonomic balance. It’s always nice when practiced methods are validated by new science.

Since learning this technique, I’ve been practicing a modified version (inhale 4 steps, hold 1 step, exhale 6 steps, hold 1 step) a few times a day in my backyard. It’s rather phenomenal. Here’s to more breath walking today.

Thanks to L.M. for sharing the Afghan Walk with me!

4. Getting Healthy vs. Staying Healthy

With high motivation, you can get healthy pretty quickly. In one day, you could clean out your pantry, start a meditation practice, and sign up for a gym.

The real challenge is staying healthy when motivation wanes.

To do this, we must develop and maintain healthy habits. It must become customary to do things that are good for us, even when we don’t feel like it.

Fortunately, there are two simple, scientifically-proven habits you can easily create to get and stay healthy: Walk more, breathe less [see #1].

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Gandhi used to walk for miles every day repeating it to himself until the rhythm of the mantram and his footsteps began to stabilize the rhythm of his breathing, which is closely connected with the rhythm of the mind."

– Eknath Easwaran, Gandhi The Man

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: The highest recording of this measurement of oxygen consumption is 96.7 ml·min-1·kg-1.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is VO2max?

 
 

On Excellent Scientific Statements and Being Reasonable with Breathing

 

Greetings,

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer related to breathing. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. 18 Excellent Statements from Scientific Papers

"With breathing interventions being relatively rapid interventions to implement and also demonstrating a wide range of positive clinical outcomes, breathing interventions warrant closer consideration from healthcare professionals."

- Psychophysiology (2017)

Over the past few years, I have accumulated over 500 pages of notes on over 100 scientific articles on breathing. I’ve recently been going back through them as part of a project I’m working on.

In this post, I share 18 of the best "one-liners" I’ve come across. Enjoy!

2. Breathing, Autonomic Function, and Diabetes

One of the most significant benefits of slow breathing is its positive effects on autonomic function. This is typically measured by heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)—higher HRV and BRS indicate better function.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, people with diabetes generally suffer from lower HRV (Benichou et al. 2018; Kudat et al. 2006) and BRS (Bernardi et al. 2017; Esposito et al. 2016). This is due to many factors, such as fluctuating blood sugars and resting tissue hypoxia, which cause autonomic imbalance (Bianchi et al. 2017).

Encouragingly, slow breathing at a rate of 4-6 breaths per minute is an effective way of increasing HRV (Steffen et al. 2021; Russell et al. 2017; Tavares et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2016; Lin et al. 2014; Van Diest et al. 2014; Vaschillo et al. 2006) and BRS (Rosengård-Bärlund et al. 2011; Bernardi et al. 2011; Joseph et al. 2005).

Slow breathing improves these markers by stimulating the vagus nerve, which activates the calming parasympathetic nervous system (Gerritsen and Band 2018). This helps people with diabetes restore autonomic balance.

It is simple and immediately useful, seeming too good to be true. But alas, science agrees: “Slow breathing could be a simple beneficial intervention in diabetes.”

3. How Stuff Works: Why Breathing Through Your Nose Is Best

"But wait, there's more. Breathing through your nose also increases the amount of oxygen in your blood more than mouth breathing, which is essential to virtually every cell, organ and tissue in your body."

- How Stuff Works
Why Breathing Through Your Nose is Best

This excellent article succinctly summarizes the benefits of nose breathing. It’s short, sweet, and packed full of great information. Enjoy!

4. With Breathing, Be Reasonable Not Rational

"Do not aim to be coldly rational when making financial decisions. Aim to just be pretty reasonable. Reasonable is more realistic and you have a better chance of sticking with it for the long run, which is what matters most."

- Morgan Housel, The Psychology of Money

I find many parallels between health and wealth. Here is another. We often get too bogged down with doing everything rationally. "This study said 20 minutes of slow breathing is best" or "That one said three times a day is needed."

Rather than following scientific studies exactly, I believe it’s better to aim for being "pretty reasonable." Find the time of day that works best with your schedule. Find the method that works best for you. Two slow breaths are better than no slow breaths. Four minutes a day is still better than zero minutes a day.

With breathing, be reasonable, not rational.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

“But the nostrils, with their delicate and fibrous linings for purifying and warming the air in its passage, have been mysteriously constructed, and designed to stand guard over the lungs.”

– George Caitlin (1864), The Breath of Life

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: The internal surface area of these organs can be a great a 100 sq. meters, about half the size of a tennis court.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What are the lungs?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. No I need these

 
 

18 Excellent Statements from Scientific Articles

 

Over the past few years, I have accumulated over 500 pages of notes on over 100 scientific articles on breathing. I’ve recently been going back through them as part of a project I’m working on. In this post, I share some of the best "one-liners" I’ve come across. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

1. Integrating Breathing Techniques Into Psychotherapy to Improve HRV: Which Approach Is Best?

Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

“For those interested in addressing physiological regulation in psychotherapy, the main implication of this study is that both 6 breath per minute breathing and soothing rhythm breathing increase HRV and therefore be beneficial to use in psychotherapy.”



2. Effect of nasal or oral breathing route on upper airway resistance during sleep

European Respiratory Journal (2003)

“In summary, upper airway resistance during sleep is significantly lower during nasal breathing than during oral breathing. 



3. How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2018)

“Taken together, these results confirm that nasal stimulation represents the fundamental link between slow breathing techniques, brain and autonomic activities and psychological/behavioral outputs.” 



4. Oxygen-induced impairment in arterial function is corrected by slow breathing in patients with type 1 diabetes

Nature (2017)

“Slow breathing could be a simple beneficial intervention in diabetes.”



5. Effect of diaphragmatic breathing on heart rate variability in ischemic heart disease with diabetes

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (2009)

“Our study supports the view that the intervention in the form of deep diaphragmatic breathing practice would improve the glycemic control and also decrease the cardiac autonomic impairment in IHD patients with diabetes mellitus.”


 

6. On aprosexia, being the inability to fix the attention and other allied troubles in the cerebral functions caused by nasal disorders 

The British Medical Journal (1889)

“Shut your mouth and save your brain.’”


 

7. Nasal obstructions, sleep, and mental function

Sleep (1983)

“While asleep, shut your mouth and save your brain.”


 

8. Breathing control center neurons that promote arousal in mice

Science (2017)

“This respiratory corollary signal would thus serve to coordinate the animal’s state of arousal with the breathing pattern, leaving the animal calm and relaxed when breathing is slow and regular, but promoting (or maintaining) arousal when breathing is rapid or disturbed.”


 

9. Review: Can yoga breathing exercises improve glycemic response and insulin sensitivity?

Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy (2017)

“Thus, decreases in respiratory rates can lead to a decrease in stress and sympathetic outflow, ultimately causing a lower rate of gluconeogenesis and glucose release into the blood stream.”


 

10. Spontaneous respiratory modulation improves cardiovascular control in essential hypertension

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (2007)

“Slow breathing is a straightforward method with no contraindications that offers a rather valid cost-benefit, improving autonomic balance and respiratory control and lowering blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension.”


 

11. Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension

Hypertension (2005)

“Therefore, one can expect that a modification in the respiratory control would affect also the control of the cardiovascular system.  Because the breathing is also under voluntary control, it is theoretically possible to induce such changes by voluntary modification of breathing.”


 

12. Inclusion of a rest period in diaphragmatic breathing increases high frequency heart rate variability: Implications for behavioral therapy

Psychophysiology (2017)

“With breathing interventions being relatively rapid interventions to implement and also demonstrating a wide range of positive clinical outcomes, breathing interventions warrant closer consideration from healthcare professionals.”


 

13. Slow breathing reduces sympathoexcitation in COPD

European Respiration Journal (2008)

“In summary, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed sympathetic excitation and depression of the baroreflex.  Slow breathing counteracted these changes.” 


  

14. Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function

The Journal of Neuroscience (2016)

“Our findings provide a unique framework for understanding the pivotal role of nasal breathing in coordinating neuronal oscillations to support stimulus processing and behavior.”


 

15. Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function

The Journal of Neuroscience (2016)

“We also found that the route of breathing was critical to these effects, such that cognitive performance significantly declined during oral breathing”

  


16. Nasal nitric oxide and regulation of human pulmonary blood flow in the upright position

Journal of Applied Physiology (2010)

“Therefore, upper airway NO could have emerged in bipedal mammals not only to improve gas exchange but also to provide some protection against infection.”


 

17. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on regional blood flow are consistent with intravascular nitric oxide delivery

The Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

“The most fundamental and important observation of this study is that NO gas introduced to the lungs can be stabilized and transported in blood and peripherally modulate blood flow.”



18. The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

Breathe (2017)

“Perhaps it is time to refine a breathing technique that optimizes ventilation, gas exchange and arterial oxygenation, maximizes vagal tone, maintains parasympathetic-sympathetic balance and optimizes the amount of cardiorespiratory reserve that could be called upon in times of intense physical or mental stress or activity.” 


 

The Breathing 411

If you enjoyed this, consider signing up for my 411 newsletter. Each Monday, I combine information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing.

 

Breathing’s Indirect and Unseen Benefits

 

Welcome to another edition of The Breathing 411:

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for you to consider this week. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS


1. The Science of Breathing’s Indirect Benefits

Last week we learned that breathing is the only true compounding health habit. However, I believe the real magic occurs when breathing begins improving other areas of our lives. I’ve never had a reasonable explanation for these "indirect effects." They just seemed to happen. But now I do, thanks to Tiny Habits.

In this excellent book, behavioral scientist BJ Fogg shows us how tiny changes in one area of your life can lead to massive changes in others. It all comes down to a simple equation: B = MAP

A Behavior happens when Motivation, Ability, and a Prompt all come together. Makes sense. But the significant breakthrough Fogg discovered is the curved (nonlinear) relationship for when action occurs (adapted from his book below):

Befor_and_After.jpg

In this hypothetical example, we see how a breathing practice might help you exercise by increasing your motivation and physical ability (e.g., better sleep and oxygenation). The exercise prompt is now above the action line, and you exercise.

This is behavioral science, not physics. So there are no exact numbers for "motivation" or "ability." It will be unique from person-to-person. But this is where the real magic of compounding occurs. We move beyond just breathing, and begin fulfilling our own individual goals and ambitions.

P.S. Some examples from my life:

  • Walking 100 miles.

  • Having more energy to manage my diabetes.

  • Waking up before 4 a.m. every day for breathing research.

2. Health is What You Don’t See

"But the truth is that wealth is what you don't see. Wealth is the nice cars not purchased. The diamonds not bought. The watches not worn, the clothes forgone and the first-class upgrade declined."

- Morgan Housel, The Psychology of Money

Similarly, health is what you don’t see. It’s the cold you didn’t get, the late night you didn’t have, the stress you didn’t experience, the breathlessness you didn’t have after a brisk walk to catch your flight.

This is why the benefits of a long-term breathing practice might not be immediately apparent. You can’t measure the number of health issues that breathing helped you avoid. But that makes them no less important.


3. Longer Exhalations Are An Easy Way to Hack Your Vagus Nerve

"Just two minutes of deep breathing with longer exhalation engages the vagus nerve, increases HRV, and improves decision-making."

- Christopher Bergland, Psychology Today

Here’s another gem from Psychology Today on slow breathing, stress, and the vagus nerve. I may or may not have visualized "squirting some stress-busting vagusstoff" onto my heart when I took my next slow breath : )

4. Breath Matching

Rather than focus on any specific method, focus on your goals: to reduce anxiety, to increase focus, to improve autonomic function, to fall asleep, and on and on.

Then, based on those aspirations, find the right match. For combatting anxiety, you might choose extended exhales. For focus, you might pick box breathing.

But it’s not about the method; it’s about the outcome you wish to experience.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Life and respiration are complementary. There is nothing living which does not breathe nor anything breathing which does not live."

- William Harvey, 1653, Lectures on the Whole of Anatomy

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: More than 60% of primary care physician visits are related to this condition.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is stress?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Really made me stop and think

 
 

Smiling and the Warren Buffets of Breathing

 

Greetings,

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer to consider this week. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Breathing is the Only True Compounding Health Benefit

"Growth is driven by compounding, which always takes time."

- Morgan Housel, The Psychology of Money

Many investors are better than Warren Buffet. But did you know he bought his first stock when he was 11 years old? It’s not as exciting to talk about, but a large portion of his success is simply due to how long he’s been investing.

This is because compounding always takes time. And, just as importantly, it always takes consistency. If Buffet jumped in and out of stocks or randomly took time off, he might not have achieved his success. It took time and consistency.

These factors are also why breathing is the only real compounding health benefit. Most of us won’t stick to one health routine as long as Buffet has stuck with investing. It’s natural to try new workouts, start a new diet, and on and on.

But we’ll always be breathing. If we invest in simple changes like nose breathing 24/7, the benefits will compound (literally) for the rest of our life. Time becomes our friend. Since we will always be breathing, we will always be compounding.

2. Nasal Breathing, Smiling, and The Power of Compounding

"All these methods trained children to breathe through their noses, all day, every day. It was a habit they would carry with them the rest of their lives."

- James Nestor, Breath

In Breath, James Nestor describes tribal people with perfectly straight teeth, free of chronic illnesses, and who rarely got sick. Their secret? Nasal breathing.

This was not just any nasal breathing, though. It was a lifetime of nasal breathing. Nestor tells us that mothers would stand over their sleeping babies and close their mouths if needed. They even resisted smiling (!?!) with their mouths open.

This was compounding at its best. Nose breathing was in their genes, and it was passed down from generation to generation for millennia. The result, as Nestor recounts, was seemingly "superhuman physical characteristics" and perfect health. These tribal people were the Warren Buffets of nose breathing.

3. Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises and Your Vagus Nerve

"When it comes to effective vagal maneuvers, any type of deep, slow diaphragmatic breathing…is going to stimulate your vagus nerve, activate your parasympathetic nervous system, and improve your HRV."

- Psychology Today
Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises and Your Vagus Nerve

I basically highlighted this entire article : ) But what I appreciated most was the author sharing how he uses diaphragmatic breathing in a practical and straightforward way.

Enjoy stimulating your vagus nerve more today!

4. Become A Breathing Genius

"A genius is the man who can do the average thing when everyone else around him is losing his mind." – Napoleon

If you want to be a breathing genius, breathe averagely—nasal, slow, low—in stressful situations. Or David Bidler says, we don’t need more complicated breathing techniques; we need to apply simple ones to harder challenges. 

Give it a shot today when you inevitably find yourself in a stressful situation.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Those of us who practice breathing exercises today may well pass on more disease resistant genes to our descendants tomorrow."

- Michael J. Stephen MD, Breath Taking

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This fish can breathe through its gills in water and through its skin and mouth lining on land.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is a mudskipper?

 
 

Become A World-Class Breather

 

Greetings,

Here are four thoughts, one quote, and one answer to start off February. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Become a World-Class Breather

"World-class performers are less about complexity and more about optimizing simplicity…It’s about the fundamentals. But small, daily improvements on the fundamentals every day done with ridiculous consistency creates insane revolutions over time."

- Robin Sharma, Optimize Interview

Becoming a world-class breather is actually quite simple: reduce the complexity, optimize the simplicity.

Of course, you can still utilize a variety of advanced techniques. Kobe Bryant didn’t only practice shooting free throws, and Tom Brady doesn’t only practice taking snaps. But it all starts with optimizing the fundamentals.

The best way to do that? Nose, belly, quiet, slow, repeat. Let those benefits compound into "insane revolutions over time."

P.S. Don’t forget James Clear’s advice: We have to start before we can optimize.

P.P.S. I condensed the quote, but I’ve never heard so many buzzwords stringed together so eloquently and with so much conviction : ) Enjoy listening.

2. What Optimal Breathing Can Do for Diabetes 

Although it’s not a panacea, improving our breathing might be the simplest thing we can do for our overall health. And for diabetes, in particular, optimal breathing has several direct and indirect benefits that are especially useful.

For example, it can improve cardio-autonomic function, reduce stress and anxiety (see next thought), improve blood flow, and improve sleep. These benefits can lead to better insulin sensitivity, more stable blood sugars, and less risk of long-term complications. Not bad for something as simple as breathing.

3. Harvard Business Review: Why Breathing Is So Effective at Reducing Stress

"So what makes breathing so effective? It’s very difficult to talk your way out of strong emotions like stress, anxiety, or anger…But with breathing techniques, it is possible to gain some mastery over your mind."

- Harvard Business Review,
Research: Why Breathing Is So Effective at Reducing Stress

So much goodness in this quick article. It’s a nice complement to last week’s thought on using breathing instead of thinking, and much more. Enjoy!

4. A Breathing Competition?

Compete: from Latin competere,

in its late sense 'strive or contend for (something)'

from com = 'together' + petere = 'aim at, seek'

- Apple Dictionary

So to "compete" literally means to strive for something together. In that case, we can consider this newsletter to be a breathing competition, with all of us striving to become world-class breathers together.

I hope you enjoy this competition as much as I do.

This thought was inspired by this Optimize +1

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"The pattern of your breathing affects the pattern of your performance. When you are under stress, deep breathing helps bring your mind and body back into the present."

– Gary Mack, Mind Gym

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This is the longest recorded breath-hold that didn’t use pure oxygen inhalation.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is 11 min 35 sec?

 
 

More Breathing in Less Time

 

Greetings,

This week’s 411 is brought to you by espresso, curiosity, my appreciation for your readership, and espresso. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Use Breathing Instead of Thinking

"Social psychologists now know that the truth lies in the opposite direction. People need to change their actions and their minds will follow." – Sean D Young, Stick With It

Experts tell us it’s hard to think our way out of thinking. We need to act and let the mind follow. I believe this is what makes breathing so powerful. It gives you an action you can perform anytime to trick your mind into following.

If you’re anxious, you can breathe slowly, which will calm your nervous system and lead to calmer thoughts. If you’re tired, you can breathe rapidly and stimulate your nervous system, increasing your heart rate and alertness.

There are many ways to use actions to control your emotions and thoughts. But breathing is free and easy. Stop thinking, begin breathing.

2. Post-Meal Breathing for Better Blood Sugars & Digestion

Relaxing breathing methods have been shown to reduce blood sugar spikes associated with meals and glucose tolerance tests. In Breath (pg 43), James Nestor also tells us that right nostril breathing heats up the body and aids in digestion. Together, it seems like a post-meal breathing practice might be a good idea.

I have been testing this in a simple and practical way. Specifically, I’ve been spending ~3 to 5 minutes performing either alternate nostril or diaphragmatic breathing (or their combination) after lunch.

The results have been quite noticeable. My sugars are much better (and even get low sometimes) in the hour following the meal. And these short minutes are especially helpful midday to focus my mind and get me back to work quickly.

Science + Practicality = Better Living

Even if you don’t have diabetes, adding this tiny habit after eating might help with digestion and improve energy levels. Not bad for just a few minutes.

3. More Breathing in Less Time

Brian Johnson is my favorite teacher. Long-time readers are probably sick of me talking about him : ) His motto: More wisdom in less time. In that spirit, here are a few excellent summaries Brian has made of some of the best breathing books:

Enjoy!

Thanks to new 411 reader W.G. for inspiring this thought.

4. The Best Advice You Can Give Someone Interested in Breathing

"Start now. Optimize later. Imperfect starts can always be improved." - James Clear

The Oxygen Advantage, Wim Hof, The Art of Breath, Buteyko, Breatheology, SKY, ujjayi, and on and on. They are all phenomenal for different reasons.

But the most important thing is to choose one and start—experience for yourself how simple and powerful these practices are. You can optimize later.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

In my own experience, a deep breath is always a good first reaction to a first report. Try to let the potato cool a bit before you pick it up.

— General Colin Powell, It Worked For Me

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This "nasal nerve" is the first one emerging from the brain.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is the olfactory nerve?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Preach

 
 

Wim Hof in One Sentence, and A Calming Breath

 

Greetings everyone,

Here are four thoughts, one quote, and one answer for you to ponder this week.

Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. 20 One-Sentence Thoughts on the Wim Hof Method

"Wim Hof breathing doesn’t help with the cold; your belief that it helps with the cold is what helps with the cold."

The Wim Hof Method. For some, it’s easy to point out its flaws. For others, it’s hard to deny its power. But one thing is certain: it’s confusing as hell for just about everyone.

In this post, I share 20 one-sentence thoughts about the WHM. You might still be confused, but at least we can be confused together : )

2. Why Nose Breathing Might Be Especially Important for Diabetics

We have recently learned that inhaled NO is transported systemically throughout the body (a paradigm shift in breathing science). Specifically, we discovered that:

Both of these findings are particularly important for diabetes. For example, people with diabetes suffer from reduced endothelial-derived NO and reduced blood flow. Diabetics also have a tendency to store less NO as SNO-Hb.

Collectively, these papers suggest that inhaled NO might be essential for people with diabetes, providing support that diabetics should be breathing nasally 24/7.

Ultimately, it will require better blood sugars to fix the issues with NO metabolism in diabetes. But breathing might also help here, as it both improves glucose control and helps reverse the harmful effects of high blood sugars.

3. How Breathing Can Calm Us - A Perfect Read

"Instead of trying to think yourself out of feeling anxious, you can do something concrete — breathe slow or fast, in a particular rhythm, or through one nostril — and sometimes find immediate relief." - Feeling anxious? The way you breathe could be adding to it

This TED/UC Berkeley article is a gem. It will be my new go-to for people interested in the calming effects of breathing. Enjoy the excellent read.

4. Breathing is Practical Idealism

"Mahatma Gandhi called this “practical idealism,” which means that it can be practiced in every aspect of life. It doesn’t call so much for great acts of heroism as for a continuing, persistent effort to transform ill will into good will, self-interest into compassion.” – Your Life is Your Message

Breathing is a form of "practical idealism." It’s idyllic in that we can talk about how "breath is life" or how it’s our body’s most important function.

But it’s practical in that it can be used by anyone, anytime, anywhere. It doesn’t call for huge acts, just simple changes like using your nose, slowing down your breath, and extending your exhales.

And, quite literally, it can transform "ill will into good will, self-interest into compassion." Not in some woo-woo way, but in a concrete way, by stimulating the vagus nerve and shifting dominance to your parasympathetic (calming) system.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Life’s most persistent and urgent question is: What are you doing for others?"

- Martin Luther King, Jr.

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: Of the five senses, this is our oldest.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is smell?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. They just show up

 
 

20 One-Sentence Thoughts on the Wim Hof Method

 

The Wim Hof Method. For some, it’s easy to point out its flaws. For others, it’s hard to deny its power. But one thing is certain: it’s confusing as hell for just about everyone.

Below, I share 20 one-sentence thoughts about the WHM. You might still be confused, but at least we can be confused together : )

1. The Wim Hof PNAS paper is breathing’s equivalent of a "4-minute mile," proving scientifically that the impossible is possible.

2. You feel supercharged after three rounds, but you are not super-oxygenated.

3. By offloading carbon dioxide, you discover that you can hold your breath much longer than you ever imagined.

4. The most powerful aspect of the WHM is the mindset it gives you for the rest of your life.

5. Counterintuitively, the heavy breathing reduces oxygen delivery to the brain.

6. If Wim does yoga, then I do yoga too.

7. It’s embarrassing, yet empowering, to hold horse stance for 10 minutes in your room while swinging your arms around like an inflatable air dancer at a used car dealership.

8. The intense physiological stress of the method leads to an equally powerful relaxation response afterward.

9. The showers aren’t even that cold here.

10. The lights you see on the third round aren’t mystical, they’re electrical.

11. Three rounds of the WHM comes out to an average of about 8 breaths/min; thus, from a statistical perspective, the WHM is actually slow breathing.

12. Wait, how does it work again?

13. The hole doesn’t matter, unless you become a chronic mouth breather.

14. Your belief that Wim Hof breathing helps with the cold is what helps most with the cold.

15. You can control your cytokines, immune response, and autonomic nervous system, all with the breath

16. After years of doing it, you realize the WHM has little to do with the breath, and everything to do with the mind.

17. Immersion in cold water is the ultimate test of breath control.

18. Wim insists he’s not a guru, but the world insists on treating him otherwise.

19. Wim’s charisma is an unaccounted-for placebo effect.

20. The Wim Hof Method is a gateway drug into the Oxygen Advantage.

 
 

Please do not try the WHM without supervision from a WHM instructor who can assess contraindications, pre-existing conditions, and so on. It can be dangerous, so be smart.

The Breathing 411

If you enjoyed this, consider signing up for my 411 newsletter. Each Monday, I combine information from scientific journals, books, articles, and podcasts to share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like "Jeopardy!") related to breathing.

 
 
 
 

P.S. This “one-sentence” idea was inspired by Josh Spector’s excellent post on communication. I highly recommend his For The Interested newsletter.

 
 

Intravenous Oxygen Delivery and The River of Breath

 

Welcome to another edition of the 411 newsletter. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for you to consider this week. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS


1. Intravenous Oxygen Delivery?

"For example, oral vitamin C is absorbed in the small intestine…but intravenous vitamin C bypasses the gut, achieving blood and tissue concentrations that are markedly higher than those achieved with the oral form." - Dr. Rhonda Patrick

While reading this, I thought, nose breathing is like intravenous oxygen delivery. It improves your body’s ability to use the oxygen you breathe, increasing tissue concentrations by 10% compared to the "oral form." But we don’t need any fancy equipment. We just have to breathe the way our bodies were designed.

So for fun, we can imagine nasal breathing to be like an IV, "injecting" oxygen to the organs, tissues, and muscles that need it most.


2. The River of Breath and Chemoreceptor Flexibility

Most popular breathing methods focus on pushing carbon dioxide (CO2) to one extreme, whether it’s with hyperventilation (low CO2) or breath holds and reduced breathing (high CO2). But this misses the point. The goal is to return our breathing to its natural physiological levels, to make it optimal.

So instead of picking a side, I prefer the idea of "chemoreceptor flexibility." To adopt a concept from Dan Siegel, we can think of it like a river. On one side is low CO2 and on the other is high. We want the flexibility to occasionally push to either side. But, we’ll be most efficient when we’re flowing down the middle.

 
Chemoreceptor_Flexibility.png
 

P.S. This also brings to mind James Nestor, who said, "Today, chemoreceptor flexibility is part of what distinguishes good athletes from great ones. […] All these people have trained their chemoreceptors to withstand extreme fluctuations in carbon dioxide without panic." - Breath, pg. 170

3. Breathing is a Communication Skill

"The quality of your breath lets dogs know if you are the one who has what it takes to be the leader, the one who can confidently lead them to food, safety and rest. That would be the belly breather." - Breathing is a Communication Skill

I love dogs. So even though this article isn’t strictly scientific or entirely correct (and even got a little woo-woo here and there), I enjoyed reading it.

Overall, it captures the essence of relaxed breathing and provides a unique idea of how our breathing communicates with our pets. Enjoy, fellow pet lovers!

4. The Best Slow Breathing Practice for You

The best slow breathing practice is the one you’ll commit to, the one you enjoy doing most. None of the science matters if you don’t put it into action.

So, I suggest you don’t worry about the "best practice" you read in a health book or on a website. Instead, just get started and be consistent with the one you enjoy most.

Extended exhales, box breathing, or ujjayi. One minute, two minutes, or twenty minutes. It can only help, and it’s the consistency that pays off.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint."

- Mark Twain

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: The total length of the airways running through your lungs.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is 1,500 miles?

 
 

One-Sentence Ideas and Your Breathing Identity

 

Happy New Year!

Thanks for joining me for the first 411 of the year. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for you to consider this week.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. 21 One-Sentence Breathing Ideas

"Weak is he who permits his thoughts to control his breath; strong is he who forces his breath to control his thoughts."

Breathing ideas are often long-winded, but they shouldn’t be.

Here are 21 one-sentence breathing ideas to kick off 2021. You’ll learn how breathing is the compound interest of health, the most effective way to breathe right now, and the best time to start a breathing practice. Enjoy!

P.S. Josh Spector’s excellent post on communication inspired this idea.

2. What Not to Focus On in 2021

"Just because you can measure something doesn’t mean it’s the most important thing." - James Clear, Atomic Habits

Focusing on any one outcome (e.g., CO2 tolerance or BOLT) is simplistic, even in breathing. The problem is, as James also states, "we optimize for what we measure." So, let’s avoid putting too much weight on any one measurement in 2021.

The alternative, James tells us, "is to build identity-based habits. With this approach, we start by focusing on who we wish to become." Measuring progress is important, but we don’t want our identity to be based on a measurement ("I have a high BOLT score"). Instead, we want the measurement to be an outcome of our identity ("I am someone who focuses on optimal breathing, so I have a high BOLT").

It’s a significant distinction.

3. "The Consequences of Sucking at Breathing"

"Without knowing it, you might be messing up your sleep, mood, digestion, heart, nervous system, muscles, brain, and even the development of your teeth and face structure." - Patrik Edblad, How to Breathe Properly – A (Surprisingly Important) Complete Guide

I love finding breathing articles from "non-breathing" people. It makes my heart (and lungs) happy. Even more so when they are excellently written, like this one.

My favorite part was that Patrik conveyed all the benefits of breathing without ever mentioning CO2. 👏 Enjoy the awesome read!

4. Harmonize the Butterflies in Your Stomach

"It's all right to have butterflies in your stomach. Just get them to fly in formation." - Dr. Rob Gilbert

Controlling your breathing is an easy way to help synchronize them.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"A hundred objective measurements didn't sum the worth of a garden; only the delight of its users did that. Only the use made it mean something."

- Lois McMaster Bujold

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: Approximately 2/3 of the mass of the human body is made up of this.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is oxygen?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. A new reason to be upset

 
 

21 One-Sentence Breathing Ideas

 

Breathing ideas are often long-winded, but they don't have to be. Here, are 21 one-sentence breathing ideas to kick off 2021.

1. Breathing is the compound interest of health and wellness.

2. Correct breathing is a keystone habit that forms the foundation of good health.

3. Breathing is not a panacea—you cannot breathe your way out of a Big Mac.

4. We don’t need more complicated breathing techniques; we need to apply simple breathing methods to harder challenges. (Credit to David Bidler)

5. Whether it’s slow breathing, sleep, or exercise, simply using your nose is the 1% that allows the other 99 to occur.

6. Slow, nasal breathing is like driving a Tesla; fast, mouth breathing is like driving a Hummer.

7. Making your breathing inaudible might be the easiest, most practical thing you can do anytime, anywhere, to improve your breathing.

8. It seems counterintuitive, but the point of a breathing practice is to no longer need a breathing practice.

9. The skill of breath is universal, applicable in every domain, available every second of every day.

10. Rather than breathing slowly all the time, we evolved something even more powerful: the ability to control our breathing.

11. Weak is he who permits his thoughts to control his breath; strong is he who forces his breath to control his thoughts. (A play on Og Mandino’s quote)

12. You can eat better, workout harder, and take more supplements, but until you optimize your breathing, you’ll never see the true potential of your energy and performance.

13. Taping your mouth at night is the passive income of health.

14. If you spend even 1 minute focused on your breath, celebrate it.

15. Breathing is the most primitive form of taking action, giving you something you can always do that actually does something.

16. Optimal breathing is health and mastery actualized in our body’s most important function.

17. We’re all different, so if you notice a specific breathing method standing out, it’s probably confirming something you already know to be right for you.

18. Mouth breathing is like drinking sugar: it’s easy, and it feels good, but it is detrimental to your health.

19. Breathe the change you want to see (in your body).

20. Where you spend your breath, and thus your energy, shows what your physiological priorities are.

21. The best time to start a breathing practice was 12 months ago; the second-best time is now.

 
 

If you enjoyed this, consider signing up for my 411 newsletter. Each Monday, I share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer (like Jeopardy!) related to breathing.

 
 
 

P.S. This was inspired by Josh Spector’s excellent post on communication. I highly recommend his For The Interested newsletter.

 
 

A Breakthrough in Respiratory Physiology

 

Happy End of the Year,

Thank you for sharing part of your Mondays with me during 2020. Here are 4 more thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer to reflect on as we wrap up the year.

Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. A Breakthrough in Respiratory Physiology

"We noted that the inhalation of NO led to a significant increase in nitrite and SNO-Hb. Nitrite peaked at 5 minutes and SNO-Hb peaked beyond 15 minutes, of discontinuing the NO inhalation." - Tonelli et al. (2019), PLOS ONE

Two weeks ago, we learned that inhaled NO is transported throughout the entire body. I promised to follow-up with newer research, and here it is.

This 2019 study, led by researchers at the Cleveland Clinic, found that inhaled NO increases circulating levels of SNO-Hb and nitrite. This matters because SNO-Hb is crucial to whole-body oxygenation.

The levels of inhaled NO studied here were much higher than what is produced in the nose. However, it seems likely that the NO we inhale during nasal breathing acts through this same pathway, assisting with oxygen delivery throughout the entire body. We’ll have to see what future studies show…

In the meantime, if you geek out on breathing, this represents a paradigm shift in respiratory physiology. Learn more in the full summary.

Here’s to another year of nasal breathing and continuous learning.

2. How to Begin Something New this Year

"If there’s one concept from my book I hope you embrace, it’s this: People change best by feeling good, not by feeling bad." – BJ Fogg, Tiny Habits 

Let’s remember BJ’s advice as we embark on any change in 2021. Specifically for breathing, we should remember that our practice should be natural, not burdensome. It should make us feel good, not be another source of worry.

More broadly, let’s not feel "obligated" to change, but instead, do it because it makes us feel good and improves our health. This just seems like common sense, but sometimes it takes a really smart person like BJ Fogg to state the obvious.

P.S. Do you remember BJ’s number one tip for feeling good? Celebrate. A lot.

P.P.S. Things that are hard during but make you feel good after, like workouts and cold showers, still fit into this : )

3. The Breathing Essentials and "Nice-to-Haves"

"The first section contains the essential things you need to follow…The rest are nice-to-haves. If you have the time and energy to add these things, your program will be a lot better." - CLI Guidelines

I do a lot of computer programming in my "job job." As a true nerd, I also occasionally read articles like this one in my free time. However, when I read this passage, I immediately saw how this concept could be applied to breathing.

The breathing essentials would be:

  • Nose breathing

  • Slow breathing

  • Diaphragmatic breathing

And the nice-to-haves:

  • Breath holds

  • Alternate nostril breathing

  • Fast & slow oscillations

  • And on & on

If you focus on the essentials, you’ll be on your way to better health. Throw in a few "nice-to-haves," and your breathing program will be that much better.

4. Some Breathing Quotes to Reflect On

"Have you ever observed that we pay much more attention to a wise passage when it is quoted than when we read it in the original author?" - Philip G. Hamerton

I love scrolling through quotes and reading ones that pop out. If you do too, here’s a page I hope you enjoy:

Page of Quotes

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"As long as we have breath, as long as we are still conscious, we are each responsible for answering life’s questions." - Viktor Frankl

Thanks goes to Brain Pickings for this one 🙏

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: In the 2 h 15 min leading up to the New Year, the average person will take approximately this many breaths.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is 2021?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Post-Christmas shopping deals

 
 

The Skill of Breath and Pillars of Health

 

Greetings,

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer to reflect on this holiday week.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Breathing is a Universal Skill

Most skills you learn in soccer don’t make you better at baseball.

Most skills you learn in tennis don’t make you better at hockey.

But the skill of breathing is universal, applicable in every domain, available every second of every day.

2. A New Foundation for the Pillars of Health

"Sleep is more than a pillar; it is the foundation on which the other two health bastions sit. Take away the bedrock of sleep, or weaken it just a little, and careful eating or physical exercise become less than effective, as we shall see."

- Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep

Beautifully said, but I would go a step further and state that breathing is the bedrock of healthy sleep. Remove correct (nasal) breathing at night, and even excellent sleep hygiene becomes less effective.

Of course, breathing isn’t a cure-all that replaces the other health pillars. But, it is the foundation on which they all sit. We’d be wise to make it a solid one.

Related: Three pillars of mental health: Good sleep, exercise, raw fruits and veggies - Note the portion about sleep quality versus quantity.

P.S. This thought also brings to mind James Nestor, who said, "No matter what you eat, how much you exercise, how skinny or young or strong you are, none of it matters if you’re not breathing properly."

3. "Take a Long, Deep, Deliberate Breath"

"Deliberate breathing is a simple, but powerful, skill you can practice every day...It can be used to improve your performance…and/or speed up your recovery." (my emphasis)

- Army Ready and Resilient

Here’s a quick read from Army Ready and Resilient. I don’t think I’ve seen a more succinctly written article on the benefits of breathing. Their advice for starting a daily practice, including the amount of time per day, is quite perfect.

Great to see this being brought to those who serve and protect.

Enjoy the quick read.

4. Ready for Change? Replace Positive Thinking with Positive Action

How we think change occurs:

  1. Positive Thinking ("I want to begin a breathing practice soon")

  2. Positive Speaking (Tell friends, "I’m starting a breathing practice")

  3. Positive Action (You sit down with a phone app and start breathing)

How it usually happens:

  1. Positive Action (You experience a change from breathing)

  2. Positive Speaking (You share your experience with others)

  3. Positive Thinking (You strive to understand how it happened)

Interestingly, we focus most of our energy on positive thinking and positive speaking, when all we need is positive action.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Breathing is a tool that enables anyone to perform better in every aspect of life. We can’t emphasize that enough."

- James Loehr & Jeffrey Migdow, Breathe In, Breathe Out

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This device has been measuring peoples’ breath to assist law enforcement since the 1950s.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is a breathalyzer?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Every mom & dad on Christmas

 
 

A Breathing 4-Minute Mile, plus Inhaled Nitric Oxide

 

TGIM. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for this week. Enjoy!

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. The Breathing 4-Minute Mile

The Wim Hof endotoxin study is breathing’s equivalent to a "4-minute mile."

People have been using breathing to modulate their autonomic nervous and immune systems for thousands of years. But Wim brought it to the world.

He proved it was possible, scientifically. And similar to how people now run 4-minute miles without using Roger Bannister’s exact training, I believe science will show that many breathing techniques work in similar ways.

But what matters most is that it’s possible. And it’s possible through breathing.

2. Inhaled Nitric Oxide has Whole-Body Effects

To date, I believe this might be one of the most important findings in breathing.

We typically believe the benefits of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) end in the lungs. However, a paper I recently reviewed showed it has whole-body effects.

Here are the take-home points from the study:

  • Their measurements were consistent with systemic transport and delivery of bioactive inhaled NO.

  • Inhaled NO can improve blood flow in distant regions where endothelial NO is suppressed—it works "where needed."

  • These effects on blood flow might be most relevant in diseases that disrupt endothelial-derived NO, like diabetes & many others.

If you’re interested, see the full summary for more details. I will be expanding on this topic with more recently-published research in the coming weeks.

3.   Why We Sigh - A Vice Article

"Breathing isn’t only the automatic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, afterall. The way we breathe is influenced by our emotions and environment, and vice versa."

- Shayla Love, Why We Sigh

This was a fantastic read; I couldn’t recommend it more. I especially enjoyed the short passage about sighing and breathing variability.

I hope you all like it as much as I did.

4. Three Steps to Breathe Better Right Now

  1. Breathe through your nose.

  2. Slow down your breathing.

  3. Make each breath inaudible.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"How do you identify someone who needs encouragement. That person is breathing."

- Truett Cathy

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: In the atmosphere, nitric oxide is generated from this energetic process.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is lightning?

 
 

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. Doesn’t seem like a fair fight.

The Breathing 411 Newsletter

Each Monday I share 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer like the ones you just read. If you enjoyed it, please sign up below.

 
 

Patch Your Breath, and Wim Hof’s Slow Breathing Method?

 

Happy Monday, and welcome back to another issue of The Breathing 411. Here are four thoughts, one quote, and one answer for you to reflect on this week.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Instead of a Bigger Engine, Patch the Hole in Your Boat

If you have a hole in your boat, a bigger engine or better fuel might keep you afloat longer. A more aerodynamic design might help you temporarily go faster. But either way, you’ll still be slowly sinking until you patch the hole.

Your breathing is that hole. You can eat better, workout harder, and take more supplements, which will all be very helpful. But until you "patch" your breath, you’ll never see the true potential of your energy and performance.

2. Diaphragmatic Breathing from the Cleveland Clinic

"But keep at it, because with continued practice, diaphragmatic breathing will become easy and automatic."

- Diaphragmatic Breathing, Cleveland Clinic

Last week, we discussed how diaphragmatic breathing improves recovery. Here’s a brief article from The Cleveland Clinic (regarded as one of the best hospitals and research centers worldwide) on how to get started.

Enjoy!

3. Become a Breathing Flâneur

"The flâneur continuously—and, what is crucial, rationally—modifies his target as he acquires information."

- Nassim Taleb, Antifragile

I propose we become breathing flâneurs. Let’s not be rigid with our techniques, but rather be open to change as we get new information.

Importantly, let’s rationally modify our approach based on the best information we have and the circumstances we find ourselves in.

The best way to do this is to have many options to choose from (slow breathing, Oxygen Advantage, Wim Hof, and so on) and use them as needed.

4. Wim Hof’s Slow Breathing Method - A Thought on Statistics

Here’s a fun thought about the infamous Kox et al. (2013) study on the Wim Hof Method (WHM). This paper scientifically validated that the WHM can allow people to control their autonomic nervous system and innate immune system.

There is a plot (their Figure 2) showing about 10.8 minutes of data. In that time, participants did 3 rounds of hyperventilation, and 3 breath holds. Each hyperventilation session was ~30 breaths. So, over the 10.8 minutes, they took about 90 breaths. On average, that’s ~8.3 breaths/min.

Thus, from a statistical perspective, the Wim Hof Method is slow breathing.

Now consider how much different it is to "breathe at 8 breaths/min for 11 minutes" compared to "performing three rounds of the WHM." This is why we must always put statistics into context…

But it’s also just fun to ponder : )

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Facts are stubborn things, but statistics are more pliable."

- Mark Twain

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: About 50% of the oxygen you breathe originated from this location.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is the ocean?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. A fun thought exercise.

 
 

On Recovering Better and Setting A Breathing Budget

 

Welcome back to another issue of The Breathing 411. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer to end November with.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. You Already Work Hard Enough—Recover Harder

"The problem in today’s corporate world, as well as in many other realms, is not hard work; the problem is insufficient recovery."

- Tal Ben-Shahar

We all work hard enough. That’s likely not the problem. In fact, it’s probably the opposite: We need to be focusing on recovery so we can continue to work hard.

One excellent way to do this is with diaphragmatic breathing.

For example, imagine taking a group of 16 endurance cyclists and having them see how far they can go in 8 hours. Then, you split them into two groups. One group performs 1 hour of diaphragmatic breathing post-event. The other group reads quietly. That’s what a study published back in 2011 did.

The outcome: The diaphragmatic breathing group showed reduced oxidative stress, reduced cortisol, increased antioxidant potential, and increased melatonin.

That is, they recovered better.

If diaphragmatic breathing reduces these stress markers in this extreme case, it seems like it would be even more useful for recovering from chronic, everyday work stress. Recover better, work better.

2. How Do You Budget Your Breathing?

"Don’t tell me where your priorities are. Show me where you spend your money and I’ll tell you what they are."

- James W. Frick

The same can be said for your breathing. Where you spend your breath, and thus your energy, shows what your physiological priorities are. But, like money, you can set your own priorities by setting a breathing budget.

For example, suppose you would like to try out a new method that involves mouth breathing, but you also recognize the hazards of chronic mouth breathing. In that case, you might budget a small portion of breaths for that activity. Then, save the rest (especially sleep) for nasal breathing.

You can apply this idea to any technique. Make light nasal breathing the foundation of your budget (like paying your rent or mortgage) and spend your leftover "disposable breathing income" on new methods that interest you.

3. How Deep Breathing Opens Up the ADHD Brain

"So Ethan’s mother, who had used coherent breathing to calm her own anxiety, taught him how to do it. His overall behavior improved in four or five weeks, and he fell asleep without difficulty." - ADDitude Magazine

This topic is way outside my jurisdiction. But, reading this article was both inspiring and humbling as I reflected on how important this "breathing" stuff is.

I hope you enjoy it!

Thanks to great friend, and new 411 reader, S.S. for sending me this article.

4. Intermittent Hypoxia Improves Immune System Function

"These responses…may serve to augment the body’s immune defenses without exacerbating inflammation."

Serebrovskaya et al. 2011, High Altitude Medicine and Biology

This paper published in 2011 found that intermittent hypoxia (IH) enhances the body’s innate immune system, increases its ability to fight infection, and had a net anti-inflammatory effect.

Although IH and breath holds are not technically the same, we can experience IH using breath holds. Thus, research like this suggests, but doesn’t prove, that breath holds might help us fight illnesses (when done safely, of course).

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"It is better to know some of the questions than all of the answers."

- James Thurber

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: The Earth has ~3.1 trillion of these organisms (or ~400 per person) that help us breathe.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What are trees?

That link has a neat video of the Earth "breathing," if you’re interested.

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. "omg GO ON"

 
 

Alcohol, and Why You’ll Forget About Breathing

 

Hello, and Happy Monday. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer that I hope you enjoy this week.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Cure Your Hangover: Why We Can’t Always Wait on Science

"If you have a hangover…if you do 20 minutes of this breathing, then you have no hangover anymore. You are learning to detox yourself in 20 minutes."

- Wim Hof, *October 21, 2015*

A study recently published in Nature - Scientific Reports about breathing and alcohol is receiving a lot of attention. People are excited to learn that controlled hyperventilation might help cure their hangover.

It’s rather amazing, but let’s not forget that Wim Hof has been talking about this for over 5 years. He didn’t know the science. He just figured it out.

And yes, I might have used his method a time or two myself : )

I’m a huge advocate of science in both my professional and personal life. But in some cases, we can’t wait on science. We must trust our intuition.

"I knew that there was no book. The book was me. The book was the interaction with the nature." - Wim Hof, FoundMyFitness, January 3, 2016

2. Why You Will Forget About Breathing

"It’s much easier to sell 'Look what I did for you' than 'Look what I avoided for you.'"

- Nassim Taleb, Antifragile

Some of us experience profound benefits from breathing. Some of us don’t. But even for those who do, life still happens. You get sick. You still get anxious. Despite your diligent practice, your energy levels still aren’t always perfect.

You might decide this "breathing" stuff isn’t working after all or that there must be something else you’re missing. So you move on and forget about breathing.

Fortunately, you’ve already laid the foundation. You can "forget" about breathing, but still reap most of the benefits. (It’s quite amazing, actually.)

Unfortunately, we will never know what it saved us from. Yes, we still got sick. Yes, we still got anxious when life got stressful. But we will never know how much worse it might have been without our breathing practice…

3. "You are Probably Breathing Wrong"

"Training yourself to breathe correctly isn't complicated, but it can help you beat back stress, sleep better, stop snoring, get fitter, avoid asthma and allergies, and even focus more easily. That's a lot of positive change for such a small intervention."

- Inc. Magazine

Here’s a quick read from Inc. Magazine with a great title: "You are probably breathing wrong. Fixing it could change your life."

I was pleasantly surprised to find several embedded links to other Inc. articles about breathing. Enjoy!

4. Un-Flaunt Your Breathing

"Flaunt: display ostentatiously, draw attention to, make a (great) show of, put on show, put on display, parade"

- Apple Thesaurus

Your breathing should be the exact opposite. It should be subtle and quiet. Here’s how: breathe through your nose and make sure you cannot hear your breathing, even internally.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing."

- Walt Disney

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: In your nose, this gas can reach the maximum permissible concentrations (25 ppm) set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is nitric oxide?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. I’m not even drinking

 
 

Stop Breathing Sugar

 

Happy Monday!

Let’s get right to it. Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for this week.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. Breathing is so Cliché

"Defense wins championships // The best defense is a good offense.

Birds of a feather flock together // Opposites attract.

You get what you pay for // The best things in life are free"

- Neil Pasricha, The Happiness Equation

For any situation you’re in, you can find a cliché to help you through. And as seen above, clichés are often contradictory. Likewise, breathing clichés are also contradictory, as we saw about a month ago:

Wim Hof tells you to breathe more. // Patrick McKeown tells you to breathe less.

Lung capacity determines longevity. // But you also shouldn’t take big breaths.

Oxygen is your body’s most important energy source. // But the exhale is the most important part of the breath.

For breathing, I suggested that we embrace these contradictions. But from a practical perspective, I like Neil Pasricha’s advice: "Any cliché, quote, or piece of advice that resonates with you only confirms to your mind something you already know."

We’re all different. So if you notice a specific breathing method standing out, it’s probably confirming something you already know to be right for you.

2. Stop Breathing Sugar

"Cutting sugar-sweetened beverages from your diet is the single-biggest thing you can do to improve your health."

- Mark Hyman, Food Fix

Many different diets work for many different people. But they all pretty much agree on one thing: remove processed sugar. And Mark Hyman’s number one recommendation is even more straightforward: "Don’t drink sugar."

Similarly, despite all the inconsistencies in breathing advice, there is one thing we can all agree on: don’t breathe through your mouth. Mouth breathing is like drinking sugar. It’s easy and it feels good, but it is detrimental to your health.

Let’s cut this processed "breathing sugar" from our diets. It may very well be the most important thing we can do for our health.

Thanks (for the millionth time) to Brian Johnson for inspiring this thought.

3. Nitric Oxide Reduces Alveolar Dead Space

"Alveolar dead space…represents alveoli, typically in the apex of the lung in an upright person, that do not receive blood flow"

- Respiratory Physiology, A Clinical Approach, pg. 96

By redistributing blood flow in the lungs, inhaled nasal nitric oxide reduces the alveolar dead space described above. Specifically, it allows more alveoli to receive blood flow, which allows more gas exchange to occur. This is something you won’t find in textbooks because the science is just too new.

This remarkable effect has led some to postulate that nasal nitric oxide is an evolutionary adaptation that helped allow us to walk upright. Pretty neat.

4. Slow Breathing is Better Than Social Media for Sleep

"Slow-paced breathing appears a promising cost-effective technique to improve subjective sleep quality and cardiovascular function during sleep in young healthy individuals."

- Journal of Clinical Medicine (2019)

This study found that 15 minutes of slow breathing (6 breaths/min) before bed led to better subjective sleep quality than 15 minutes of social media use. Slow breathing also led to higher overnight vagal activity.

Although these results might seem like common sense, I thought they were still compelling nonetheless. Here's to putting away our phones and focusing on our breath before bed.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"The hardest thing in the world is to simplify your life because everything is pulling you to be more and more complex."

- Yvon Chouinard

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: This condition drops 21% two days after we gain an hour moving from Daylight Savings Time to Standard Time.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What are heart attacks?

In good breath,
Nick

P.S. lmao ok fine.

 
 

Use it or Lose it + Eating and Breathing

 

Happy Monday! I hope you all have a great week ahead.

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer for you to consider this week.

 
 
 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. The Nose: Use it or Lose it

"Machines: use it and lose it; organisms: use it or lose it."

- Frano Barovic, Antifragile

I had to get a new computer recently. My Macbook Pro gave me 7 great years, but it was time to move on. I decided to switch to a Macbook Air. I thought, "air is my favorite subject; I should get a computer called an Air." I’m that weird : )

So when I was recently re-reading Antifragile, the quote above (buried in a footnote) popped off the page. We expect machines like my computer to break over time: use it and lose it. But with our body, it’s the opposite: use it or lose it.

This is especially true for one particular organ, the nose. Here’s how James Nestor puts it:

"For noses clogged, you need to find a way of unclogging it. You can do that by breathing more through your nose because it's really a use-it-or-lose-it organ. The more you breathe through it, the more you're going to be able to breathe through it." - NPR Interview

We learned some tricks for unblocking your nose a couple weeks ago. But the ultimate nose-unblocking exercise is to simply use it or lose it.

2. Thinkr Review of Breath

"Though it seems as simple as inhaling and exhaling, the act of breathing is an overlooked artform that can do much more than just sustain life." - Thinkr Review of Breath

Speaking of James Nestor, here’s an excellent summary of his book Breath that I recently came across. It requires an email to sign-up, but you can unsubscribe afterward…although I’ve actually enjoyed the emails they’ve sent since.

If you haven’t read Breath or just need a refresher, this is a nice summary from a company with no vested interest in "breathing."

3. Using Breathing Science to Change the World

Changing our breathing is one of the simplest thing we can do to improve our health. Tiny changes, like switching to nose breathing 24/7, can dramatically impact our health and wellness. That’s why it is great to see researchers using breathing in practical ways that could really change the world.

For example, imagine having a web browser add-on that, without you knowing it, alters your breathing to be more relaxed and rhythmic (rather than e-mail-apnea). That’s what "Breathing Edges" aims to do:

Toward Breathing Edges: A Prototype Respiration Entrainment System for Browser-based Computing Tasks

Or how about audio tracks that slow down your breathing while driving:

Just Breathe: In-Car Interventions for Guided Slow Breathing

Or audio tracks that speed up your breathing to keep you awake when you’re driving late at night:

Breath Booster!: Exploring In-Car, Fast-Paced Breathing Interventions to Enhance Driver Arousal State

It’s awesome to see things like this being developed, and it’ll be exciting to see what the next few years of research and application bring.

4. Can Eating Affect Your Breathing?

"One is able to compare the different fuel sources in this regard by examining the respiratory quotient (RQ), the ratio of carbon dioxide produced per unit of oxygen consumed in the production of energy…The RQ for carbohydrate is 1.0; for fats, it is 0.7; and for protein, it is 0.8." - Respiratory Physiology, A Clinical Approach

The "respiratory quotient" shows how much CO2 is produced per unit of oxygen consumed for energy production. For example, 30% less CO2 is generated when fat is used for energy compared to carbohydrates.

Thus, what you eat might affect how you breathe.

This might help explain why some endurance athletes prefer fueling with fat vs. carbs. Or why we can often hold our breath longer in the morning when we are fasted and using fat for energy. Less CO2 production means less breathlessness and extended breath holds.

This also explains why I start breathing heavily when I splurge on cheesecake : )

We often think about how breathing can help with digestion and post-meal blood sugar spikes. But I guess we should not forget the relationship goes both ways.

 
 
 
 

1 QUOTE

"Since we cannot know all that there is to be known about anything, we ought to know a little about everything."

- Blaise Pascal

Thanks to new 411 reader T. V. for inspiring this quote.

 
 
 
 

1 ANSWER

This section of the newsletter was inspired by my favorite TV show of all time, Jeopardy! With the passing of Alex Trebek yesterday morning, it feels impossible to make an answer about breathing this week. Instead, let’s honor the legacy of this great man.

Answer: From 1984 to 2020, Alex Trebek hosted more than this many episodes of Jeopardy!, earning him spot in the Guinness Book of World Records.

…

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

…

Question: What is 8,200?

We love you, Alex.