scientific articles

On Excellent Scientific Statements and Being Reasonable with Breathing

 

Greetings,

Here are 4 thoughts, 1 quote, and 1 answer related to breathing. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

4 THOUGHTS

1. 18 Excellent Statements from Scientific Papers

"With breathing interventions being relatively rapid interventions to implement and also demonstrating a wide range of positive clinical outcomes, breathing interventions warrant closer consideration from healthcare professionals."

- Psychophysiology (2017)

Over the past few years, I have accumulated over 500 pages of notes on over 100 scientific articles on breathing. I’ve recently been going back through them as part of a project I’m working on.

In this post, I share 18 of the best "one-liners" I’ve come across. Enjoy!

2. Breathing, Autonomic Function, and Diabetes

One of the most significant benefits of slow breathing is its positive effects on autonomic function. This is typically measured by heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)—higher HRV and BRS indicate better function.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, people with diabetes generally suffer from lower HRV (Benichou et al. 2018; Kudat et al. 2006) and BRS (Bernardi et al. 2017; Esposito et al. 2016). This is due to many factors, such as fluctuating blood sugars and resting tissue hypoxia, which cause autonomic imbalance (Bianchi et al. 2017).

Encouragingly, slow breathing at a rate of 4-6 breaths per minute is an effective way of increasing HRV (Steffen et al. 2021; Russell et al. 2017; Tavares et al. 2017; Chen et al. 2016; Lin et al. 2014; Van Diest et al. 2014; Vaschillo et al. 2006) and BRS (Rosengård-Bärlund et al. 2011; Bernardi et al. 2011; Joseph et al. 2005).

Slow breathing improves these markers by stimulating the vagus nerve, which activates the calming parasympathetic nervous system (Gerritsen and Band 2018). This helps people with diabetes restore autonomic balance.

It is simple and immediately useful, seeming too good to be true. But alas, science agrees: “Slow breathing could be a simple beneficial intervention in diabetes.

3. How Stuff Works: Why Breathing Through Your Nose Is Best

"But wait, there's more. Breathing through your nose also increases the amount of oxygen in your blood more than mouth breathing, which is essential to virtually every cell, organ and tissue in your body."

- How Stuff Works
Why Breathing Through Your Nose is Best

This excellent article succinctly summarizes the benefits of nose breathing. It’s short, sweet, and packed full of great information. Enjoy!

4. With Breathing, Be Reasonable Not Rational

"Do not aim to be coldly rational when making financial decisions. Aim to just be pretty reasonable. Reasonable is more realistic and you have a better chance of sticking with it for the long run, which is what matters most."

- Morgan Housel, The Psychology of Money

I find many parallels between health and wealth. Here is another. We often get too bogged down with doing everything rationally. "This study said 20 minutes of slow breathing is best" or "That one said three times a day is needed."

Rather than following scientific studies exactly, I believe it’s better to aim for being "pretty reasonable." Find the time of day that works best with your schedule. Find the method that works best for you. Two slow breaths are better than no slow breaths. Four minutes a day is still better than zero minutes a day.

With breathing, be reasonable, not rational.

 
 

 
 

1 QUOTE

But the nostrils, with their delicate and fibrous linings for purifying and warming the air in its passage, have been mysteriously constructed, and designed to stand guard over the lungs.

– George Caitlin (1864), The Breath of Life

 
 

 
 

1 ANSWER

Answer: The internal surface area of these organs can be a great a 100 sq. meters, about half the size of a tennis court.

(Cue the Jeopardy! music.)

Question: What are the lungs?


In good breath,
Nick

P.S. No I need these

 
 

18 Excellent Statements from Scientific Articles

 

Over the past few years, I have accumulated over 500 pages of notes on over 100 scientific articles on breathing. I’ve recently been going back through them as part of a project I’m working on. In this post, I share some of the best "one-liners" I’ve come across. Enjoy!

 
 

 
 

1. Integrating Breathing Techniques Into Psychotherapy to Improve HRV: Which Approach Is Best?

Frontiers in Psychology (2021)

For those interested in addressing physiological regulation in psychotherapy, the main implication of this study is that both 6 breath per minute breathing and soothing rhythm breathing increase HRV and therefore be beneficial to use in psychotherapy.



2. Effect of nasal or oral breathing route on upper airway resistance during sleep

European Respiratory Journal (2003)

In summary, upper airway resistance during sleep is significantly lower during nasal breathing than during oral breathing. 



3. How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (2018)

“Taken together, these results confirm that nasal stimulation represents the fundamental link between slow breathing techniques, brain and autonomic activities and psychological/behavioral outputs.” 



4. Oxygen-induced impairment in arterial function is corrected by slow breathing in patients with type 1 diabetes

Nature (2017)

“Slow breathing could be a simple beneficial intervention in diabetes.



5. Effect of diaphragmatic breathing on heart rate variability in ischemic heart disease with diabetes

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (2009)

“Our study supports the view that the intervention in the form of deep diaphragmatic breathing practice would improve the glycemic control and also decrease the cardiac autonomic impairment in IHD patients with diabetes mellitus.


 

6. On aprosexia, being the inability to fix the attention and other allied troubles in the cerebral functions caused by nasal disorders 

The British Medical Journal (1889)

“Shut your mouth and save your brain.’


 

7. Nasal obstructions, sleep, and mental function

Sleep (1983)

While asleep, shut your mouth and save your brain.”


 

8. Breathing control center neurons that promote arousal in mice

Science (2017)

“This respiratory corollary signal would thus serve to coordinate the animal’s state of arousal with the breathing pattern, leaving the animal calm and relaxed when breathing is slow and regular, but promoting (or maintaining) arousal when breathing is rapid or disturbed.


 

9. Review: Can yoga breathing exercises improve glycemic response and insulin sensitivity?

Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy (2017)

“Thus, decreases in respiratory rates can lead to a decrease in stress and sympathetic outflow, ultimately causing a lower rate of gluconeogenesis and glucose release into the blood stream.


 

10. Spontaneous respiratory modulation improves cardiovascular control in essential hypertension

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (2007)

Slow breathing is a straightforward method with no contraindications that offers a rather valid cost-benefit, improving autonomic balance and respiratory control and lowering blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension.


 

11. Slow breathing improves arterial baroreflex sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in essential hypertension

Hypertension (2005)

“Therefore, one can expect that a modification in the respiratory control would affect also the control of the cardiovascular system.  Because the breathing is also under voluntary control, it is theoretically possible to induce such changes by voluntary modification of breathing.”


 

12. Inclusion of a rest period in diaphragmatic breathing increases high frequency heart rate variability: Implications for behavioral therapy

Psychophysiology (2017)

“With breathing interventions being relatively rapid interventions to implement and also demonstrating a wide range of positive clinical outcomes, breathing interventions warrant closer consideration from healthcare professionals.


 

13. Slow breathing reduces sympathoexcitation in COPD

European Respiration Journal (2008)

In summary, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed sympathetic excitation and depression of the baroreflex.  Slow breathing counteracted these changes.” 


  

14. Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function

The Journal of Neuroscience (2016)

“Our findings provide a unique framework for understanding the pivotal role of nasal breathing in coordinating neuronal oscillations to support stimulus processing and behavior.


 

15. Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function

The Journal of Neuroscience (2016)

“We also found that the route of breathing was critical to these effects, such that cognitive performance significantly declined during oral breathing”

  


16. Nasal nitric oxide and regulation of human pulmonary blood flow in the upright position

Journal of Applied Physiology (2010)

“Therefore, upper airway NO could have emerged in bipedal mammals not only to improve gas exchange but also to provide some protection against infection.


 

17. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide on regional blood flow are consistent with intravascular nitric oxide delivery

The Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

The most fundamental and important observation of this study is that NO gas introduced to the lungs can be stabilized and transported in blood and peripherally modulate blood flow.



18. The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

Breathe (2017)

Perhaps it is time to refine a breathing technique that optimizes ventilation, gas exchange and arterial oxygenation, maximizes vagal tone, maintains parasympathetic-sympathetic balance and optimizes the amount of cardiorespiratory reserve that could be called upon in times of intense physical or mental stress or activity.” 



 

The Breathing 411

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